This contribution analyses the main changes occurred in the State aid field in European
Union Law since the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis. These changes include the temporary
framework adopted to mitigate the economic consequences of the pandemic, the subsequent
temporary framework approved following the Russian aggression to Ukraine, and the
Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework. The chapter analyses the interplay of State aid
Law after the pandemic with the Next Generation EU programme and, more generally, with
the new architecture of economic governance in the European Union. The contribution
concludes with suggestions for the future such as the provision of more EU funding
mechanisms instead of (national) State aid to support key policy initiatives such as the green
transition, while mitigating the negative impact of aid on competition and cohesion in the
Single Market.